Cette étude analyse les réponses orales de 63 élèves français de 9-11 ans lors d’une tâche de vocabulaire du type définition de mots. La performance globale, mais aussi l’organisation et l’accessibilité des informations catégorielles, fonctionnelles ou perceptives sont examinées en considérant l’origine sociale des enfants. Les résultats quantitatifs de l’étude confirment ceux obtenus par les recherches sur la relation entre milieu socio-économique et étendue du vocabulaire. Les données qualitatives, tirées de l’analyse de la structure de 567 définitions, mettent en évidence (...) des différences modérées de l’évolution vers la forme canonique de la définition, selon la classe sociale. Ceci interroge nos manières de penser l’enseignement-apprentissage du vocabulaire et invite à explorer plus avant les mécanismes en jeu dans l’inégal accès à la connaissance de la signification des mots. (shrink)

Gabriel Tarde propose une représentation originale de la statistique, soulignant son aptitude à révéler et mesurer la dynamique des phénomènes sociaux, plus qu’à en décrire les états. Ce n’est pas la technique mathématique qui intéresse Tarde, mais il développe, de 1880 à 1900, une réflexion épistémologique et méthodologique sur la portée et les limites de l’analyse statistique qui s’articule à sa théorie sociologique. Le présent article se propose d’étudier cette représentation, en analysant la place et la fonction de la statistique (...) dans l’œuvre de Tarde et sa relation essentielle à sa théorie sociologique de l’imitation. (shrink)

Franciszek Próchnicki belongs to the outstanding representatives of grammar school Polish studies during the last quaretr of a century after the partition of the country. He was born in 1847 at Brzeżany in Eastem-Galicia, after graduation from the Lvov University in 1873 he became a Secondary-School-teacher, at first at his home townand later at Lvov, where he acted as headmaster of the Secondary School Nr. V froml891 till to 1905 when he went. Franciszek Próchnicki was also a member of the (...) Higher-School-Teachers’Society, which held over teachers from popular and Secondary Schools, founded lending libraries for young people, determined on teaching schedules and attached the highest importance to programs for the Polish language. He was known as author of a number of instructions for Polish-language for Secondary School of the former Galicia, especially the Guide for Polish Language Studies (1885) was the base for all programs of this subject untill 1918. As a didactician of literature Próchnicki set induction based on a wellfoundcd knowlage of literary texts. It was very important opinion. He took sides against the generally adopted acroamatic methods conected with Herbart’s views of education. This progressive yeacher confirmed that learning by heart was a process leading to uncreative attitiude towards, precluding individual things. In the history of Polish language studies during the partion of poland Próchnicki renderd a great service by making capital of any oportunity which might to Galicia in order to set Polish science on the national track. All his life Próchnicki devoted to teacher’s occupation. He died at Lvov in 1911. (shrink)

This article compares four ways of thinking corporate responsibility. When corporate responsibility is defined by its function, firm’s moral obligations are limited to obligations imposed on it by its function, whatever its capacity (strict functionalism), or as far as it is compatible with its effective capacity (compatibilist functionalism). When corporate responsibility is defined by its capacity, firms’ moral obligations are limited to obligations which its power imposes on it, whatever its function (strict capacitarism), or insofar as it is compatible with (...) the respect of its specific function (compatibilist capacitarism). Due to the impossibility of perfectly aligning moral tasks with social tasks and of reducing all general obligations to specific obligations, capacitarism seems more convincing than functionalism. Because of the indispensability of a division of (moral) labor, compatibilist capacitarism seems more robust than strict capacitarism. (shrink)

This paper assesses the problem of the possible tension between development and environmental protection, especially for developing countries. Some leaders of these countries like Jacob Zuma claim for example that poor countries should only join the fight against climate change if it does not compromise their economic development, thus suggesting that environmental protection is more often than not an obstacle to economic development. I argue that this argument is if not misleading, at least incomplete because it does not take the (...) diversity of environmental protection seriously and reduces development to economic development. In fact, some aspects of environmental protection may clearly clash with some kinds of economic development. In that line, when countries are still very poor, their economic development should take priority over some ecological-friendly policies. But this is only one side of the truth. The other side of the truth is that some ecologically-friendly policies can also make poor countries richer, more democratic and fairer. (shrink)

De manière évidente l’architecture « est ». Par sa matérialité et sa présence, elle s’impose dans l’espace de nos vies. Mais son authenticité n’est pas technique, historique ou matérielle. Elle est symbolique et culturelle. Car au delà de son « apparence », l’architecture n’existe que par ses usages, par ses incessantes modifications ou même par son souvenir. Il n’existe aucun moment de l’histoire d’une architecture qui serait plus « authentique » qu’un autre. L’authenticité relève d’une vision doctrinaire de l’architecture qui (...) considérerait l’excellence d’un moment unique, face à l’infini d’une histoire toujours renouvelée. Or, dans un monde qui se caractérise par la quête perpétuelle du singulier, l’architecture qui, par essence, est in-définie et plurielle, risque de se transformer en signe, « authentique » mais dépourvu de sens. (shrink)

Thierry Meynard examines how the Jesuits in China came to understand the Confucian tradition, and how they offered the first complete translation of the Lunyu in the West, in the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus.

Sex is determined by non‐Mendelian genetic elements overriding the sex factors carried by the heterochromosomes in some species of terrestrial isopods. A bacterium Wolbachia and a non‐bacterial feminizing factor (f) can both force chromosomal males of Armadillidium vulgare to become phenotypic functional females. The f factor is believed to be a genetic element derived from the Wolbachia genome that becomes inserted into the host nuclear genome. The feminizing factors can be considered to be selfish genetic elements because they bias their (...) host's sex ratio to increase their own transmission. New sex‐determining genes are selected (genes resisting the feminizing effects, or the transmission of feminizing elements) as a consequence of the conflict between these elements and the rest of the host's genome. These events drive the sex‐determining mechanisms to evolve, and may explain the polymorphism of sex factors and the poor differentiation of the heterochromosomes in isopods. (shrink)

Le droit court derrière la "révolution numérique". Les algorithmes nous espionnent et restreignent les libertés publiques, ils calculent les indemnités au service des compagnies d'assurance. La diminution lente et continue des services chargés de veiller à l'application du droit affaiblit et parfois anéantit l'efficacité de ces lois. L'échec de la loi Hadopi est significatif à cet égard. Le mal est en fait bien plus profond et ne date pas d'hier. Nous vivons une époque de démolition des codes établis. Si le (...) droit est partout, en définitive il n'est nulle part... (shrink)

In this interview, Anne Fagot-Largeault discusses with Thierry Bardini her recollections of the life and work of French philosopher Gilbert Simondon (1924–1989). The discussion covers Simondon’s theory of individuation and considers its influences on contemporary thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze and François Laruelle. Fagot-Largeault situates Simondon’s thinking within the broader context of 20th-century biological research and the development of life sciences. Informed by her personal association and experiences working with Simondon, her reminiscences shed light on the unique character of (...) Simondon as a person and as a thinker. (shrink)

The critique of the dogmatism of a-priorism from the Popperians suffered from the fact that Popper, too, was moving towards a certain dogmatic derivation. According to the a-priorists, in wanting to protect himself from any would-be-critics who would argue against the dogmatism of his approach, Popper left his philosophical foundation free to the critics. In fighting against German essentialism, he found himself in a position that necessitated the abandonment of either his presupposed anti-essentialism, or his critique of the positivists. Popper's (...) success stems less from his ability to rally the anti-historicist positivists towards the search for scientific foundations, than the fact that he was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, theoreticians of the scientific method, and critic of ideological simplicity. (shrink)

Résumé Quand l’urbanisme naît au tournant du 19 e /20 e siècle, il ne considère pas la ville sans la nature. Certains, comme Ebenezer Howard, pensent que la cité-jardin va devenir le nouveau visage du paysage urbain n’associant que les aspects positifs et de la grande ville et de la campagne… D’autres, hygiénistes et rationalistes, prônent un urbanisme fonctionnel dans lequel « l’espace vert » est constitutif du plan d’ensemble. Ainsi, la nature n’est-elle pas oubliée. Mais de quelle « nature»s’agit-il? (...) Une « nature » extérieure au citadin, comme un ornement ou une une décoration? Une valorisation du cadre bâti et non pas comme la condition même de notre existence d’humain? Ainsi, derrière la prise en compte de la « nature » par les urbanistes trouvons nous des intentions bien différentes, d’une époque à une autre et d’une culture à une autre. La « nature » globalisée, standardisée qui participe dorénavant au marketing urbain, n’est qu’une image, elle n’est plus localisée, cultivée ou encore sauvage, partenaire de notre condition de terrien. Ce sont ces transformations en cours que tente d’examiner Thierry Paquot. (shrink)

Depuis le début des années 1980, Georges Didi-Huberman, philosophe et historien de l'art, enseignant à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales (Paris), s'attache à penser le devenir des images, et plus généralement le travail des formes, avec des outils théoriques empruntés à des champs de recherche multiples (philosophie, anthropologie, histoire de l'art, psychanalyse...) et pour des périodes historiques très diverses (Renaissance, XIXe siècle, art moderne, art contemporain...). La fécondité de cette pensée, la richesse des propositions théoriques qu'elle a su (...) inventer, en font aujourd'hui une référence majeure dans le champ de l'histoire et de la théorie de l'art. Ce volume propose un ensemble de lectures de cet être-devant-les-images, en explorant sa tonalité essentiellement heuristique. Il montre combien, ici, l'art et l'histoire trouvent des outils capables de les faire travailler ensemble. (shrink)

Résumé À l’encontre d’une école récente d’interprétation qui tend à voir dans les Essais de Montaigne une pensée du renoncement à toute maîtrise de l’action, nous voulons montrer qu’il y a chez lui une authentique pensée de la prudence. Si les références aristotéliciennes et stoïciennes sont sollicitées par Montaigne, il reste que le caractère mouvant et imprévisible de la fortune ainsi que la part de fortuit inscrite dans l’être l’obligent à redéfinir les contours de la notion traditionnelle de prudence. À (...) un premier niveau de prudence qui consiste à savoir agir dans le monde s’ajoute un second niveau, qui consiste à savoir se préserver face aux sollicitations du monde. Montaigne inaugure ainsi une pensée moderne de la prudence, qui trouvera, mutatis mutandis, une expression contemporaine chez Hannah Arendt, Georg Gadamer et Paul Ricœur. (shrink)

Résumé Quelques groupes religieux et mouvements de pensée du monde turc, en Asie et en Europe, cultivent, depuis plusieurs siècles, une vision originale de la nature dans laquelle les vieilles croyances animistes et chamanistes, et même bouddhistes des nomades sont combinées à la philosophie arabe d’ obédience néoplatonicienne et à la mystique musulmane (soufisme). Cette vision, qui n’est pas du reste homogène puisqu’elle connaît plusieurs variantes, établit que toutes les créatures animées et inanimées – humain, animaux, plantes et pierres – (...) sont les réceptacles d’une même « énergie vitale » et qu’elles sont en conséquence intimement liées les unes aux autres, et même susceptibles de migrer vers chacun de leurs modes d’être respectifs, animal, végétal ou minéral ; de là l’existence d’hommes-pierres, d’hommes-arbres et d’hommes-animaux. Cet article se propose de faire la généalogie de cette vision de la nature et d’en étudier l’influence actuelle, en portant une attention particulière à l’« éthique de l’environnement » ( çevre ahlakï ) qu’elle a inspirée, ces dernières années, en Turquie. (shrink)

Thierry Laronde basing on the statement of the social utility of ideas, to denounce the policy of the European Office of Patents in which he blames for accepting in facts, software patenting and limit so the social circulation of ideas. Indeed in the case of the software, originality, only patentable, does not lie as in the theory as in an implementation by a soft-engineer which participates in a chain in which the assertion of an individual right is difficult even (...) impossible. A contrario GNU’s General Public Licence facilitates the distribution of the knowledge’s distribution, by the spread and the re-use of the code even though it does not offer any guarantee against the patenting of ideas. (shrink)

Comment Descartes a-t-il pu nier l'évidence de sa dette à l'égard du cogito d'Augustin, et Jacques Hadamard s'accuser, à l'inverse, de ne pas avoir découvert la relativité avant Einstein? Qu'est-ce qui pouvait bien justifier Lacan, lorsqu'il osait affirmer que l'inconscient n'est pas de Freud, mais de lui... De même, côté art : on se demande pourquoi Borges a voulu faire de Ménard l'auteur du Quichotte ou Duchamp devenir celui d'un urinoir. Thierry Marchaisse prouve ici que l'on peut devenir le (...) véritable auteur de l'idée d'un autre, et que ce paradoxe, avancé par Pascal voilà plus de trois siècles, est à la fois le verrou et la clé de la logique de la créativité. (shrink)

Thierry Patrice, 57 ans, médecin, nommé professeur à 32 ans, Lauréat de la Faculté, est internationalement connu pour ses travaux concernant l'action de la lumière sur les tissus vivant en cancérologie. Il a reçu plusieurs Prix pour l'étude du rôle de l'oxygène dans différentes maladies, dont le diabète, mais aussi lors du vieillissement.

F. Oger proved that if A is a finite group, then the class of groups which are abelian-by-A can be axiomatized by a single first order sentence. It is established here that, in Oger's result, the word abelian cannot be replaced by group.

Ethically complex and challenging cases confront health care professionals in neonatal‐perinatal medicine more often than in most other subspecialties in medicine. Neonatologists regularly encounter situations where crucial life‐or‐death decisions need to be made in the best interest of an infant and its family. While physicians and their professional societies seem to dictate this best interest standard by weighing the risk of mortality and morbidities, parents may have other perspectives to be considered.Our review of programs for teaching ethics in Canadian neonatal‐perinatal (...) residency programs has revealed that 90 percent of them incorporated formal and informal medical ethics education, meeting the Royal College of Physician and Surgeons of Canada requirements, but that the teaching strategies, topics covered, and time devoted to teaching ethics are not standardized. Lectures and case presentations—the pedagogic strategy used by most programs—are not ideal for teaching communication skills. We propose, therefore, a holistic approach to teaching and training that imparts (1) a traditional understanding of ethical theory and reasoning, (2) advanced skills in communication and counseling, and (3) a disposition to engage in self‐reflection and to be aware of the emotional and spiritual dimensions of neonatal‐perinatal medicine. (shrink)

continent. 2.3 (2012): 224–228 Introduction Jamie Allen Thierry Geoffroy’s conceptual, event- and environment-based art practice has generated over two-decades of definitional activity around what he terms “format art.” The works re-galvanize the energies of a syndicatable, open and atmospheric arrangement, of varying specifics dependent on context, participants and environment. With formats like the Emergency Room, Biennalist, and the Critical Run, Geoffroy endeavors to imbricate art and artist in the most exigent and current of social, political and mediatised spectacles. The (...) result seems to plant us at a triangulation of the configurations proposed by Alan Kaprow, Andrea Fraser and Alan Abel. Geoffroy plays up a guileless innocence (at times sporting the “Naive Blue Helmet”) as he interviews spectactors at the 2012 dOCUMENTA13 exhibitions in Kassel, Germany. What he evokes is a declamation of the appropriative, unenthusiastic, cool inclinations of the mainstream art festival, the profligate biennial (triennial, quadrennial, etc.) circuit and national and global ideological cultural-engines. In propositional artifacts, definitional articles and direct transmissions from Geoffroy’s Emergency Room field office at dOCUMENTA13, the masking of an emergency is here questioned: Can an art show like dOCUMENTA be dangerous? —JA Is dOCUMENTA designed to make people cry about something and not make them see something else? Is the contemporary a distraction from the present? Can art in delay have any impact with today? Do we learn anything by seeing art shows reflecting on history? Could 860,000 visitors have been intoxicated by an apathic gaze than keep them away from reacting? Why is dOCUMENTA proud of having recieve no critic? Why is proximity less important? Why was dOCUMENTA in Kabul? Can weapons designed to kill protesters sold to a repressing regime be contradictory to the support of the Arab Spring? Is the contemporary like a flea market to avoid to debating the important topics of today? Can art be in advance of the broken arm, and avoid accident? Is the goal of dOCUMENTA to create a revolution or to entertain? Is dOCUMENTA betterly done than Disney Land? Is it better to watch Fox News for two years or to go to dOCUMENTA for two days? If a curator, curating a contemporary art show about war, forgets to debate about the weapons factories next door, should it be considered as a professional mistake? Is it OK to employ philosophers to promote vodka? Is navigation a threat? Can an art show like dOCUMENTA be dangerous? Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel author of the month Global Art and the Museum @ZKM: " THE NEXT DOCUMENTA SHOULD BE CURATED BY A TANK " Link to Emergency Room Dictionary < /a> "COOLNESS" from the EMERGENCY ROOM DICTIONARY by COLONEL MUSIC Biennalist at dOCUMENTA 13 "TIRED" from the EMERGENCY ROOM DICTIONARY by COLONEL MUSIC Link to " APATHY " (from the Emergency Room Dictionary ) AWARENESS MUSCLE [fr. muscle de la conscience ] In the same sense memory can be trained, an awareness muscle can be developed by an effort. To develop the awareness muscle, the artist has to reduce his gesticulations. When an artist is busy the artist is not very aware the artist is occupied. A daily training is necessary But how to train? Scanning the news in a critical way could be one exercise. Daily debating politics with others could be another. Looking at other point of views usually produces significant improvements. Fighting prejudice is an excellent exercise. Many other forms of training could also produce beneficial effects for the awareness muscle. Continuous and daily training is important. For instance rewinding and slow motioning what has been absorbed getting away the sugar from the propaganda machines talking to everyone excercise comparatif critical run. If not daily trained the awareness muscle can degrade into atrophy To develop the awareness muscle requires will-power Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel. (shrink)

L'examen de la politique audiovisuelle extérieure de la France en matière de télévision, de 1984 à aujourd'hui, permet de constater que celle-ci a été relativement stable, notamment à travers le développement de la chaîne TV5. Après avoir souligné que la création de cette chaîne s'inscrit dans une vision très culturelle de la diffusion audiovisuelle, nous montrons qu'elle entretient des rapports ambigus avec la question francophone en matière de public, de programmes et de langue. Le cas de l'information, ensuite envisagé, est (...) d'autant plus intéressant que le gouvernement développe à l'heure actuelle un projet qui relève plus d'une stratégie politique que de la logique culturelle et francophone qui sous-tendait TV5.It can be noted that, since 1984, French audiovisual foreign policy has remained quite steady particularly regarding the development of the TV5 channel. We consider this channel particularly representative of a largely cultural vision of audiovisual broadcasting. We also show that TV5 has an ambiguous attitude to the francophone issue in terms of audience, TV schedules and the language itself. It also seems that in the field of news broadcasting, the French government is more interested in political strategy than in the cultural and francophone guiding principles that used to be TV5's mission. (shrink)

The aim of this volume is to provide an exhaustive and updated analysis and discussion of the philosophy of Liang Shuming 梁漱溟 (1893–1988), one of the most contested figures of modern Chinese intellectual history. For the last 100 years, his thought has been interpreted in such contrasting and contradictory ways—as Buddhist, Confucian, and Marxist, as conservative and modernist—that it seems at times difficult to grasp who the “real” Liang was. Confronted with the many faces of the man and his thought, (...) researchers can either attempt to discern the one identity that ties them all together or allow for the multifaceted nature of his thought to remain open and focus on the diversity and tensions inherent in it. The present volume opts for the latter option. (shrink)